Amathoyizi aziwa ngokuba "abangane abaseduze kakhulu bezingane".Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi amanye amathoyizi anezingozi zokuphepha ezisongela impilo nokuphepha kwezingane zethu.Yiziphi izinselele zekhwalithi zomkhiqizo ezibalulekile ezitholakala ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi yamathoyizi ezingane?Singazigwema kanjani?
Susa amaphutha futhi ugade ukuphepha kwezingane
I-China iyisizinda sokukhiqiza.Idayisa amathoyizi neminye imikhiqizo yezingane emazweni nasezifundeni ezingaphezu kuka-200.E-UK, amathoyizi angama-70% avela eChina, kanti eYurophu, inani lifinyelela ku-80% wamathoyizi.
Yini esingayenza uma sithola iphutha phakathi nesigaba sokukhiqiza sohlelo lokuklama?Kusukela ngomhla ka-27 Agasti 2007, ngokushicilelwa okulandelanayo nokusebenzisa "Imithetho Yokulawulwa Kokukhunjuzwa Kwamathoyizi Ezingane", "Imithetho Yokulawulwa Kokukhunjuzwa Kwemikhiqizo Yansuku Zonke Engenasici", kanye "Nemibandela Yesikhashana Yokuphathwa Kokukhunjuzwa Kwabathengi. Products", uhlelo lokukhumbula impahla engasebenzi selusebenze ngempumelelo kakhulu ekuvikeleni impilo yezingane, ukuqwashisa ngokuphepha komkhiqizo kanye nokwenza ngcono indlela iminyango kahulumeni ephatha ngayo ukuphepha komkhiqizo.
Sibona okufanayo phesheya kwezilwandle.Kulesi sigaba, amazwe amaningi nezifunda emhlabeni, njenge-United Kingdom, Australia, European Union, Japan, Canada, njll. baye basungula ngokulandelana izinhlelo zokukhumbula imikhiqizo yansuku zonke enesici.Njalo ngonyaka, imikhiqizo eminingi yansuku zonke enesici iyakhunjulwa embonini yokusabalalisa ukuze amakhasimende avikeleke ekulimaleni okungaba khona okubangelwa yiyo.
Mayelana nalolu daba, "Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iShayina, i-European Union, i-United Kingdom noma amanye amazwe onxiwankulu, bonke bakubheka njengokubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikelwa kwezingane, futhi izindlela zokulawula ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wemikhiqizo yamathoyizi yezingane ziqinile kakhulu."
Izingozi ezijwayelekile kanye neziphakamiso zokuhlolwa kwamathoyizi ezingane
Ngokungafani neminye imikhiqizo yansuku zonke, inhloso yamathoyizi wezingane ihlukile ngenxa yezimpawu zabo zomzimba nezomuntu ngamunye, ezibonakaliswa ngokuyinhloko njengokuntuleka kwamakhono okuzivikela.Izici ze-physiological zezingane nazo zihlukile kwezabantu abadala: ukukhula okusheshayo nokuthuthuka, intshiseko yokuhlola izinto ezintsha nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwamakhono okuqonda.
"Inqubo yezingane yokusebenzisa ithoyizi empeleni iyinqubo yonke yokuhlola nokuqonda umhlaba. Ezimweni eziningi, akulula ukulandela uhlelo lokuklama noma ukusetshenziswa kwamathoyizi ngendlela efanayo nomuntu omdala. Ngakho-ke, ukuhluka kwabo kumele kube yinto ehlukile. kuzocatshangelwa ngesikhathi sokuklama, ukukhiqiza kanye nezigaba zokukhiqiza ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza izingane."
Izingozi ezibalulekile ekuhlolweni okujwayelekile kwamathoyizi ezingane yilezi ezilandelayo:
1. Ukusebenza kokuphepha ngokomzimba kwemishini nemishini.
Ibonakala kakhulu njengezingxenye ezincane, ukubhoboza/ukuklwebheka, izithiyo, ukugoqa, ukuminyanisa, ukubhampa, ukuwa/ukuphahlazeka, umsindo, omazibuthe, njll.
Ngemva kokuhlaziywa kwezibalo, kwatholakala ukuthi emishinini nasezinsizeni ingozi enkulu kakhulu kwakuyizingxenye ezincane ezilimele eziwa kalula, ngesilinganiso esingama-30% kuya ku-40%.
Yiziphi izingxenye ezincane eziwayo?Kungaba izinkinobho, amaphinikhodi, ama-trinkets, izingxenye ezincane kanye nezesekeli.Lezi zingxenye ezincane zingagwinywa kalula yizingane noma zifakwe emakhaleni azo ngemva kokuwa, okuholela engozini yokugwinya ukungcola noma ukuvinjelwa komgodi.Uma ingxenye encane iqukethe izinto zikazibuthe unomphela, uma igwinywe ngephutha, umonakalo uzoqhubeka uqhubeke.
Esikhathini esedlule, amazwe e-European Union athumele izexwayiso zamakhasimende kumkhiqizo wamathoyizi kazibuthe owaziwayo e-China.Lawo mathoyizi ayequkethe izingxenye ezincane kazibuthe noma amabhola amancane.Kube nengozi ye-asphyxia ebangelwa ukugwinya kwezingane ngengozi noma ukuhogela izingxenye ezincane.
Mayelana nokuphepha ngokomzimba kwemishini nemishini, u-Huang Lina uphakamise ukuthi imboni yokukhiqiza kufanele yenze ukuhlola okuqinile kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimboni kufanele ziqaphele ikakhulukazi lapho kukhethwa izinto zokusetshenziswa, njengoba ezinye izinto ezingavuthiwe zidinga ukuphathwa ngendlela ethile phakathi nezigaba zokukhiqiza ukuze kugwenywe ingozi "yokuwa".
2. Ukusebenza kokuphepha kokushisa.
Amathoyizi amaningi akhiwe ngemikhiqizo yendwangu.Yingakho ukusebenza kokuphepha kokushisa kwale mikhiqizo kufanele kwenziwe.
Okunye kokushiyeka okubalulekile izinga lokushiswa ngokushesha kwezingxenye/imikhiqizo, okuholela ekuntulekeni kwesikhathi esanele sokuthi izingane zibaleke esimweni esiphuthumayo.Okunye ukuntula izinga lokushisa ifilimu yepulasitiki ye-PVC engazinzile, ekhiqiza kalula uketshezi lwamakhemikhali.Okunye ukushiyeka kwenzeka uma amathoyizi axegayo agcwaliswe ngokuthambile evutha ngokushesha kakhulu, uma kukhona ukunqwabelana kwamabhamuza emikhiqizweni yendwangu, noma ukulimala kwamakhemikhali aphilayo ngenxa yentuthu yomlilo.
Kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza umkhiqizo, kufanele siqaphele ukukhethwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe.Kufanele futhi sinake ukusetshenziswa kwe-halogen-free flame retardants.Izinkampani eziningi zengeza ngamabomu ezinye ze-halogen-free flame retardants ukuze zihlangabezane kangcono nezidingo zokusebenza kokuphepha komlilo.Kodwa-ke, ezinye zalezi zidakamizwa zingadala umonakalo ongapheli wamakhemikhali emvelo, ngakho-ke qaphela!
3. Ukusebenza kokuphepha kwamakhemikhali e-organic.
Izingozi zamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo nazo zingenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokulimala okubangelwa amathoyizi.Izingxube zamathoyizi zidluliselwa kalula emizimbeni yezingane ngenxa yamathe, umjuluko, njll., ngaleyo ndlela zilimaze impilo yazo engokomzimba neyengqondo.Uma kuqhathaniswa nokulimala ngokomzimba, ukulimala kwamakhemikhali emvelo okuvela kumathoyizi kunzima kakhulu ukukubona njengoba kunqwabelana kancane kancane.Kodwa-ke, umonakalo ungaba mkhulu, kusukela ekuwohlokeni kwesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba kuya ezimweni ezimbi zengqondo nezomzimba kanye nokulimala okukhulu ezithweni zangaphakathi zomzimba.
Izinto zamakhemikhali ezivamile ezidala izingozi nokulimala kwamakhemikhali emvelo zihlanganisa izakhi ezithile kanye nezinto ezithile zamakhemikhali zokuhlaziya, phakathi kokunye.Ezinye zezakhi ezijwayelekile ezijwayelekile ezidluliswayo yi-arsenic, i-selenium, i-antimony, i-mercury, i-lead, i-cadmium, i-chromium ne-barium.Ezinye izinto zamakhemikhali ezihlaziyayo ama-tackifiers, i-formaldehyde yasendlini, odayi be-azo (abanqatshelwe), i-BPA kanye nama-flame retardants angenayo i-halogen, phakathi kokunye.Ngaphandle kwalezo, ezinye izinto ze-carcinogenic ezibangela ukungezwani komzimba nokushintsha kofuzo nazo kufanele zigadwe futhi zilawulwe ngokuqinile.
Ukuphendula lolu hlobo lokulimala, izinkampani ezikhiqizayo kufanele zinakekele ngokukhethekile upende eziwusebenzisayo, kanye nama-polymers nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo.Kubalulekile ukuthola abasabalalisi abalungile bempahla ngayinye eluhlaza ukuze ugweme ukusebenzisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezingezona zokudlala ngesikhathi sezigaba zokukhiqiza.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukunaka lapho uthenga izingxenye eziyisipele futhi ube nesandla esiqinile ekugwemeni ukungcoliswa kwendawo yokukhiqiza phakathi nayo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza.
4. Ukusebenza kokuphepha kukagesi.
Muva nje, nokulandela ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezitayela ezintsha nobuchwepheshe, amathoyizi kagesi amukelwa ngokufudumele ngabazali nabantwana, okuholela ekwandeni kwezingozi zokuphepha zikagesi.
Izingozi zokuphepha zikagesi kumathoyizi ezingane zibonakaliswa ngokuqondile njengemishini eshisa ngokweqile nokusebenza okungavamile, amandla okucindezela anganele kanye nokuqina komthelela wezinto zikagesi zasendlini, kanye nokukhubazeka kwesakhiwo.Izingozi ezingaba khona zokuphepha zikagesi zingabangela lezi zinkinga ezilandelayo.Eyokuqala iwukushisa kwamathoyizi, lapho izinga lokushisa lezingxenye zethoyizi nendawo ezungezile liphakeme kakhulu, okungaholela ekushiseni kwesikhumba noma ekushiseni endaweni yemvelo.Okwesibili amandla okucindezela anganele emishini yasendlini, okuholela ekuhlulekeni kwe-short-circuit, ukwehluleka kwamandla, noma ngisho nokulimala.Okwesithathu ukuqina komthelela okunganele, okunciphisa ukusebenza kokuphepha komkhiqizo.Uhlobo lokugcina ukonakala kwesakhiwo, okufana nebhethri elishajekayo elixhunywe emuva, elingabangela ukwehluleka kwesigungu esifushane noma ukuwa kwebhethri elishajekayo, phakathi kwezinye izinkinga.
Mayelana nalolu hlobo lwengozi, u-Huang Lina uphakamise ukuthi izinkampani ezikhiqizayo zenze izinhlelo zokuklama ukuphepha kwesifunda se-elekthronikhi ezobuchwepheshe, futhi zithenge izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuvimbela ukulimala okungenzeka ezinganeni.
Kuphinde kubandakanye ukulebula/ukumaka, ukuthuthwa kwendle nokuvikela imvelo, nezinye izinselelo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-04-2021